It was the fall after we graduated college, and I was struggling to function without the structure and routine that school provided. But my friend was right—most people I knew with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had a lower GPA because they couldn’t pay attention in class or remember to do their homework. Her brother was a textbook example. During our decade-long friendship, I had seen how his symptoms affected his schoolwork, friendships, family dynamics, and more. I also watched their mom, a professional therapist, use her expertise to advocate for him and set systems in place to help him succeed. Surely, she would have noticed my symptoms by now if I had ADHD, right? After all, I practically lived at their house during high school and had spent countless hours with their family. “She must be right,” I accepted. Another four and a half years passed before I got my official ADHD diagnosis at age 26. According to the CDC, boys are two times more likely1 to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls during childhood, even though epidemiologic surveys show the sex ratio of adult ADHD is 1:12. ASD is consistently found to be more prevalent in males than females as well, but a 2017 meta-analysis from the Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry revealed that the true male-to-female ratio of ASD is not 4:1, as previously thought: After adjusting for studies in which participants were evaluated for ASD, rather than relying on previous diagnoses, researchers discovered the true sex ratio is closer to 3:13. The data suggests that girls aren’t missing the criteria for these disorders; they aren’t being assessed in the first place because of male-focused research and gender bias. Oftentimes, masking is unintentional and unconscious. While neurodivergent males also use masking in some situations (e.g., a job interview or social outing with co-workers), girls and women have the added societal pressure of, well, being female. As a result, many neurodivergent girls and women develop people-pleasing tendencies, make extra efforts to match the social behaviors of their neurotypical peers to avoid being “othered,” and overcompensate for their academic and social struggles by putting more energy into homework and making friends. According to Lidia Zylowska, M.D., a psychiatrist with the University of Minnesota Medical School and author of Mindfulness Prescription for Adult ADHD, girls tend to have predominantly inattentive symptoms4 rather than significant hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. “They’re less loud and disruptive in class and more likely to suffer quietly and without being noticed or helped,” she says. “They may be forgetful, messy, spacey, and missing social cues.” While research and anecdotal evidence indicate that girls and women tend to exhibit inattentive symptoms of ADHD5, many have hyperactive and impulsive symptoms6 as well, which are often internalized. Inattentive symptoms: Social interaction and communication symptoms: Along with the typical social interaction symptoms and behavioral pattern symptoms, females with ASD use common forms of masking8, such as: The stigma that ADHD and ASD are disorders that primarily impact school and social interactions in early childhood can be both isolating and damaging for women as they start their adult lives, work (hard) to advance in their careers, and navigate the many stages of parenthood. Because of my good grades and the structure and routine that school provided, my ADHD symptoms slipped under the radar. In college, I developed coping mechanisms to manage my ADHD without realizing it—like juggling three different calendars to make sure I didn’t miss important deadlines and meetings, changing locations when I was switching tasks, and drinking caffeine to help me focus during all-nighters (which I had a lot of, thanks to my poor time management skills and tendency to procrastinate). But these habits were no replacement for an official ADHD diagnosis and treatment. Once the scaffolding of academic structure and rigor fell away after college, I found it impossible to function like I used to. I felt lazy, unmotivated, and more than anything, frustrated by my inability to transition into adulthood with ease. This feeling continued through the first few years of my career. Until last year, when I saw videos popping up on social media about how ADHD presents differently in women than men. Watching videos from How To ADHD, SaveTimeShan, and Hayley Honeyman (who also has ASD) on social media made me realize that I had not a couple but many symptoms of ADHD. They just look different, because I’m an adult woman—not a teenage boy. This content is critical not only for women who suspect they may have ADHD and ASD, but also for parents of little girls who are quietly struggling with symptoms, teachers with those little girls in their classes, and health care professionals tasked with unlearning gender bias in neurodivergent conditions. “We need more education of teachers, clinicians, parents, and the public about the aspects of ADHD or ASD that are not part of the DSM-V criteria (which tend to be skewed toward boys),” Zylowska says. “With more education that gender may change how symptoms show up or are dealt with, clinicians can factor those differences into a comprehensive evaluation of girls and women.” Zylowska adds that the way we approach teaching will need to change to better accommodate neurodivergent learning. “Each child will have different strengths and needs, so it is often an individualized process,” she says. A few examples of ways to support neurodivergent learning include flexible seating, increasing emphasis on material organization and executive function, and “chunking” of instructions and assignments. But thanks to increasing awareness of ADHD and ASD presentations in females on social media, women with these conditions are learning why they struggle with day-to-day tasks and activities more than their peers. Armed with a proper diagnosis, neurodivergent women will be better equipped to navigate their careers and personal lives than ever before. Read our full trend list for 2023 here.
